Refereed Journals

Esquivel, A, Dawe, E, Sala-Mercado, J, Hammond, R, Bir, C, The Physiologic Effects of the Stinger ® Conducted Electrical Weapon in Swine, Annals of Emer Med, 2007 (doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2006.09.019)

Wilhelm, M, Bir, C, Injuries to Law Enforcement Officers: The Backface Signature Injury, Forensic Sci Int, 2007

Pellman, E, Viano, D, Withnall, C, Shewchenko, N, Bir, C, Halstead, D, Concussion in Professional Football: Helmet Testing to Assess Impact Performance--Part 11, Neurosurgery, 58(1), 2006, 78-96

Bir, C, Stewart, S, Wilhelm, M, Skin Penetration Assessment of Less Lethal Kinetic Energy Munitions, J of Forensic Science, 50(6), 2005, 1426-1429

Viano, D, Casson, I, Pellman, E, Bir, C, Zhang, L, Sherman, D, Boitano, M, Concussion in Professional Football: Comparison with Boxing Head Impacts--Part 10, Neurosurgery, 57(6), 2005, 1154-1172

Walilko, T, Viano, D, Bir, C, Biomechanics of the Head for Olympic Boxer Punches to the Face, Br J Sports Med, 39(10), 2005, 710-719

Walilko, T, Bir, C, Godwin, W, King, A, Relationship between Temporomandibular Joint Dynamics and Mouth Guards: Feasibility of a test methodology, Dental Traumatol , 20(5), 2004, 255-260

Bir, C, Viano, D, Design and Injury Assessment Criteria for Blunt Ballistic Impacts, J of Trauma, 57(6), 2004, 1218-1224

Bir, C, Viano, D, King, A, Development of Biomechanical Response Corridors of the Thorax to Blunt Ballistic Impacts, J Biomech, 37(1), 2004, 73-79

Viano, D, Bir, C, Walilko, T, Sherman, D, Ballistic Impact of the Forehead, Zygoma, and Mandible: Comparison of Human and Frangible Dummy Face Biomechanics, J of Trauma, 56(6), 2004, 1305 - 1311

Janda, D, Bir, C, Cheney, A, An Evaluation of the Cumulative Concussive Effect of Soccer Heading in the Youth Population, Int J of Inj Control and Safety Prom, 9(1), 2002, 25-31

Atkinson, P, Hariharan, P, Mari-Gowda, S, Telehowski, P, Martin, S, Van Hoof, J, Bir, C, Atkinson, T An Under-hand Steering Wheel Grasp Produces Significant Injury Risk to the Upper Extremity During Airbag Deployment, Annual Proc Assoc Adv Automot Med, 46, 2002, 45-62

Janda, D, Bir, C, Kedroske, B, A Comparison of Standard vs. Breakaway Bases: An Analysis of a Preventative Intervention for Softball and Baseball Foot and Ankle Injuries, Foot Ankle Int, 22(10), 2001, 810-816

Viano, D, Bir, C, Janda, D, and Cheney, A, “Prevention of Commotio Cordis in Baseball: An Evaluation of Chest Protectors,” J of Trauma, 49(12), 2000, 1023-1028.

Bir, C, Viano, D, Biomechanical Predictor of Commotio Cordis in High-Speed Chest Impact, J of Trauma 47(3), 1999, 468-473

Armstrong, T, Bir, C, Foulke, J, Martin, B, Finsen, L, Sjogaard, G, Muscle Response to Simulated Torque Reactions of Hand-held Power Tools, Ergonomics 42(1), 1999, 146-159

Janda, D, Bir, C, Viano, D, Cassatta, S, Blunt Chest Impacts: Assessing the Relative Risk of Fatal Cardiac Injury from Various Baseballs, J of Trauma 44(2), 1998, 298-303

Werner, R, Armstrong, T, Bir, C, Aylard, M, Intracarpal Canal Pressures: The Role of Finger, Hand, Wrist, and Forearm Position, Clin Biomech, 12(1), 1997, 44-51

Janda, D, Bir, C, Hensinger, R, Wild, B, Olsen, S, Goal Post Injuries in Soccer - A Laboratory and Field Testing Analysis of a Preventative Intervention, Am J of Sports Med, 23(3), 1995, 340-344

Bir, C, Cassatta, S, Janda, D, An Analysis and Comparison of Soccer Shin Guards, Clin J of Sports Med, 5(2), 1995, 95-99

Werner, R, Bir, C, Armstrong, T, Reverse Phalen's Maneuver as an Aid in Diagnosing Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, Archives of Phys Medand Rehab, 75, 1994, 783-786

Papers Published in Conference Proceedings

Dau, N, Chen, H, Sherman, D, Bir, C. “Effectiveness of Boxing Headgear for Limiting Injury.” American Society of Biomechanics, Blacksburg, VA, 2006.

Raymond, D, Bir, C, Begeman, P, Chien, H, Wheeler J. “Forensic Determination of Seat Belt Usage in Automotive Collisions: Development of Diagnostic Tool.” SAE World Congress, Accident Reconstruction Technical Session, Detroit, MI, 2006.

Bir, C, Barbir, A, Wilhelm, M, Horst, van der M, Dosquet, F, Wolfe, G. “Validation of Lower Limb Surrogates as Injury Assessment Tools in Floor Impacts Due to Anti-Vehicular Landmines.” International IRCOBI conference on the Biomechanics of Impact, Madrid, Spain, 2006.

Geurts J, Horst, van der M, Leerdam PJ, Bir C, Dommelen, van H, Wismans J. “Occupant Safety: Mine Detonation Under Vehicles. A Numerical Lower Leg Injury Assessment.” International IRCOBI conference on the Biomechanics of Impact, Madrid, Spain, 2006.

Wilhelm, M, Bir, C. “Comparison of Male and Female Blunt Ballistic Impacts.” 5th World Congress of Biomechanics, Munich, Germany. Journal of Biomechanics; Vol. 39, Suppl. 1, page S162, 2006. Invited.

Craig, M, Viano, D, Tashman, S, Bir, C. “Response of the Human Mandible to Chin Impact Loading.” Summer Bioengineering Conference, Amelia Island, FL, 2006.

Bir, C, Stewart, S. “Skin Penetration Assessment of Less-Lethal Kinetic Energy Munitions.” Jane's Less-Lethal Weapons Conference, Leeds, England, 2005 . Invited.

Craig, M, Bir, C, Viano, D, Tashman, S. “Human Mandible Response to Impact Loading of the Chin.” XXth Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics and 29th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Biomechanics, Cleveland, OH, 2005.

Sherman, D, Bir, C, Viano, D, Haacke, E, Mark. “Evaluation And Quantification Of Bruising” XXth Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics and 29th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Biomechanics, Cleveland, OH, 2005.

Rajagopal, S, Bir, C, Lee, J, Yang, K. “Development and Validation of the Finite Element Human Body Model for Less - Lethal Ballistic Impacts” XXth Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics and 29th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Biomechanics, Cleveland, OH, 2005.

Bir, C, Walilko, T, Tashman, S. “Evaluation of Mouthguard Use in Relation to Strain in Middle Cranial Fossa.” Proceedings of the 2005 Summer Bioengineering Conference, Vail, CO, 2005.

Eck, Jerome, Bir, C. “Biomechanical Response of the Abdomen to Impacts From Less-Lethal Munitions.” Proceedings of the 2005 Summer Bioengineering Conference, Vail, CO, 2005.

Bir, C, and Eck, J. "" IUTAM Symposium on Impact Biomechanics - From Fundamental Insights to Applications, Dublin, Ireland, 2005.

Lewis, EA, Johnson, CP, Bir, CA, M. Wilhelm, et al. (2004). An investigation to confirm the existence of "pencilling" as a non-penetrating behind armour injury. Personal Armor Safety Symposium, Den Haag, The Netherlands, 2004.

Sherman, D, Bir, C, Walilko, T, Boitano, M. “Correlation Between Punch Dynamics and Risk of Injury.” 5th Conference on Engineering of Sport, UC Davis, CA, 2004.

Bir, C, Wilhelm, M. “Female Body Armor Assessment: Current Methods and Future Techniques.” Personal Armor Safety Symposium, Den Haag, The Netherlands, 2004.

Eck, J, Sherman, D, Bir, C. “Assessment of Blunt Ballistic Impacts to the Abdomen.” The Sixth Annual Non-lethal Technology and Research Symposium, Winston-Salem, NC, 2004.

Stewart, S, Bir, C. “Skin Penetration Assessment of Kinetic Energy Munitions.” The Fifth Annual Non-lethal Technology and Research Symposium, Crystal City, DC, 2003.

Lee, J, Raja, S, Bir, C, Yang, K. “Development of a Finite Element Human Model for Less-lethal Ballistic Impacts.” The Fifth Annual Non-lethal Technology and Research Symposium, Crystal City, DC, 2003.

Bir, C. “Medical Assessment of Non-Lethal Kinetic Energy Rounds.” Janes International Non-Lethal Weapons Conference, Glasgow, Scotland, 2003. Invited.

Srinivasan, B, Sherman, D, Bir, C. “Comparison of Techniques for Determining the Quality of Bone.” ASME Summer Bioengineering Conference, Key Biscayne, FL, 2003.

Wilhelm, M, Bir, C. “Upper Torso Injuries to Female Law Enforcement Personnel due to Firearm Assaults.” AVT-097/RSM-012 Equipment for Personal Protection HFM-102/RSM-006 Personal Protection: Bio-mechanical Issues and Associated Physio-pathological Risks, Koblenz, Germany, 2003.

Sherman, D, Kurily, F, Bir, C. “Comparison of Techniques for Determining the Quality of Bone.” Midwest Graduate Students' Biomechanics Symposium, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, 2002.

Bir, C, Walilko, T. “Health Assessment of Non-lethal Munitions: Progress Towards a Testing Standard.” Non-lethal V Conference, Reston, VA, 2002.

Atkinson, P, Hariharan, P, Shersta Mari-Gowda, Telehowski, P, Martin, S, van Hoof, J, Bir, C, Atkinson, T. “The Risk of Forearm Injury Induced by Deploying Airbags: The Role of Forearm-Airbag Proximity.” 4th MADYMO Users Meeting of the Americas, Detroit, MI, 2001.

Walilko, T, Swanson, G, Bir, C. “Assessment of Facial Fracture” The Third Annual Non-lethal Technology and Research Symposium, Portsmouth, NH, 2001.

Sherman, D, Wilhelm, M, Bir, C. “Accuracy Assessment of 12 Gauge Kinetic Energy Rounds.” The Third Annual Non-lethal Technology and Research Symposium, Portsmouth, NH, 2001.

Bir, C, King, A, Grimm, M. “BME 7170 Experimental Methods in Impact Biomechanics.” Whitaker Educational Summit, Lansdowne, VA, 2001.

Bir, C, Viano, D, King A, Lyon D. “A Comparison of Injury Evaluation Techniques for Impact with Non-lethal Munitions.” The Second Annual Non-lethal Technology and Research Symposium, Portsmouth, NH, 2000.

Bir, C, Atkinson, T. “Kinetic Effects Assessment of the Portable Vehicle Arresting Barrier.” American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Orlando, FL, 2000.

Bir, C. “The Evaluation of Blunt Ballistic Impacts.” Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Working Group, Washington, DC, 2000.

Bir, C, Viano, D, King, A. “Evaluation of Blunt Ballistic Impacts: The Establishment of Human Response Corridors.” Non-lethal IV Conference, Tysons Corner, VA, 2000.

Bir, C, Atkinson, T. “Kinetic Effects Assessment of the Portable Vehicle Immobilization System.” Human Effects Advisory Panel, Washington DC, 2000.

Bir, C, Viano, D, King, A. “The Development of a Biomechanical Surrogate for Evaluating Non-lethal Munitions.” Non-lethal Technology and Research Symposium, 1999.

Bir, C. “Determination of Biomechanical Corridors.” Joint Non-lethal Weapons Directorate, US Department of Defense, Working Group, Quantico, VA, 1998.

Bir, C. “Determining the Risk.” Human Effects Advisory Panel, University of Pennsylvania, 1998.

Bir, C, Viano, D, King A. “Development of a Biomechanical Surrogate.” American Defense Preparedness Association, Non-Lethal III Symposium, Quantico, VA, 1998.

Bir, C. “Utilization of Biomechanical Surrogate for Testing Nonlethal Munitions.” Aberdeen Proving Grounds, Non-Lethal Colloquim, Aberdeen, MD, 1997.

Bir, C, Diamond, J. “Postamputation Phantom Limb Phenomena and its Relationship to Anesthesia/Analgesia.” St. Joseph Mercy Hospital, General Surgery Research Conference, 1995.

Doctoral Dissertations

Craig, Matthew. Ph.D., B.M.E. “Biomechanical Analysis of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Associated with Footbal.” August 2007.
Advisor: Cynthia Bir

Eck, Jerome. Ph.D., B.M.E. “Biomechanical Assessment of Blunt Ballistic Impacts to the Abdomen.” December 2006.
Advisor: Cynthia Bir

Walilko, Timothy. Ph.D., B.M.E. “Biomechanical Response of the Temporomandibular Joint from Impacts in Boxing.” December 2004.
Advisor: Cynthia Bir

Wilhelm, Marianne. Ph.D., B.M.E. “Biomechanical Assessment of Female Body Armor.” December 2003.
Advisor: Cynthia Bir